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Go for the messes - that''s where the action is. 

golden lessons3:

原諒自己浪費(fèi)時(shí)間

Forgive yourself for wasting time . 

  我的第三條建議或許最難被接受：那就是原諒自己浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。學(xué)生們只被要求回答教授們（當(dāng)然，不包括殘忍的教授）認(rèn)為存在答案的問題。但是，這些問題是否具有重要的科學(xué)意義也無關(guān)緊要——因?yàn)榻獯疬@些問題的意義只為了讓學(xué)生通過考試。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，你很難知道這些問題是否重要，而且在歷史的某一時(shí)刻你甚至無法知道這個(gè)問題是否有解。二十世紀(jì)初，包括洛倫茲（Lorentz）和亞伯拉罕（Abraham）在內(nèi)的幾位重要物理學(xué)家試圖建立一個(gè)電子理論，部分原因是為了解釋為何地球在以太中運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)為何無法被探測到。我們現(xiàn)在知道了，他們在試圖解決一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的問題。當(dāng)時(shí)，沒人能提出一個(gè)成功的電子理論，是因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)還沒發(fā)現(xiàn)量子力學(xué)。直到1905年，天才的科學(xué)家阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦才發(fā)現(xiàn)，需要研究的問題應(yīng)該是運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)時(shí)空測量的效應(yīng)。從這一思路出發(fā)，他才創(chuàng)建了狹義相對(duì)論。你永遠(yuǎn)也無法確定研究什么樣的問題是正確的，所以你花在實(shí)驗(yàn)室或書桌前的大部分時(shí)間都會(huì)被浪費(fèi)掉。如果你想變得富于創(chuàng)造性，那你就應(yīng)該習(xí)慣自己的大部分時(shí)間都沒有創(chuàng)造性，同樣應(yīng)該習(xí)慣在迷路在科學(xué)知識(shí)的海洋里。

  My third piece of advice is probably the hardest to take. It is to forgive yourself for wasting time. Students are only asked to solve problems that their professors (unless unusually cruel) know to be solvable. In addition, it doesn''t matter if the problems are scientifically important - they have to be solved to pass the course. But in the real world, it''s very hard to know which problems are important, and you never know whether at a given moment in history a problem is solvable. At the beginning of the twentieth century, several leading physicists, including Lorentz and Abraham, were trying to work out a theory of the electron. This was partly in order to understand why all attempts to detect effects of Earth''s motion through the ether had failed. We now know that they were working on the wrong problem. At that time, no one could have developed a successful theory of the electron, because quantum mechanics had not yet been discovered. It took the genius of Albert Einstein in 1905 to realize that the right problem on which to work was the effect of motion on measurements of space and time. This led him to the special theory of relativity. As you will never be sure which are the right problems to work on, most of the time that you spend in the laboratory or at your desk will be wasted. If you want to be creative, then you will have to get used to spending most of your time not being creative, to being becalmed on the ocean of scientific knowledge.

golden lessons4:

學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)發(fā)展史，至少你研究的領(lǐng)域要了解

Learn something about the history of science,

or at a minimum the history of your own branch of science. 

  最后的建議是：學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)發(fā)展史，至少，你研究領(lǐng)域的歷史要了解。最起碼，歷史可能為你自己的科研工作提供一定幫助。比如，過去和現(xiàn)在的科學(xué)家們常常會(huì)因?yàn)橄嘈畔衽喔‵rancis Bacon）、庫恩（Thomas Kuhn）、波普爾（Karl Popper）等古代哲學(xué)家們所提出的過分簡化的科學(xué)模型而被阻礙。而掙脫古代哲學(xué)家思想束縛的最好方式，就是了解科學(xué)發(fā)展史。

  Look back 100 years, to 1903. How important is it now who was Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1903, or President of the United States? What stands out as really important is that at McGill University, Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy were working out the nature of radioactivity. This work (of course!) had practical applications, but much more important were its cultural implications. The understanding of radioactivity allowed physicists to explain how the Sun and Earth''s cores could still be hot after millions of years. In this way, it removed the last scientific objection to what many geologists and paleontologists thought was the great age of the Earth and the Sun. After this, Christians and Jews either had to give up belief in the literal truth of the Bible or resign themselves to intellectual irrelevance. This was just one step in a sequence of steps from Galileo through Newton and Darwin to the present that, time after time, has weakened the hold of religious dogmatism. Reading any newspaper nowadays is enough to show you that this work is not yet complete. But it is civilizing work, of which scientists are able to feel proud.

Article Source: Nature 426, 389 (27 November 2003)

doi:10.1038/426389a

Scientist: Four golden lessons by Steven Weinberg